Practice 1: Asking questions and defining problems

1A: Ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, models, or unexpected results.

1B: Ask question to identify and/or clarify evidence and/or the premise(s) of an argument.

1C: Ask questions to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables and relationships in models.

1D: Ask questions to clarify and/or refine a model, an explanation, or an engineering problem.

1E: Ask questions that require sufficient and appropriate empirical evidence to answer.

1F: Ask questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and based on observations and scientific principles.

1G: Ask questions that challenge the premise(s) of an argument or the interpretation of a data set.

Practice 2: Developing and using models

2A: Evaluate limitations of a model for a proposed object or tool.

2B: Develop or modify a model—based on evidence – to match what happens if a variable or component of a system is changed.

2C: Use and/or develop a model of simple systems with uncertain and less predictable factors.

2D: Develop and/or revise a model to show the relationships among variables, including those that are not observable but predict observable phenomena.

2E: Develop and/or use a model to predict and/or describe phenomena.

2F: Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms.

2G: Develop and/or use a model to generate data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales.

Practice 3: Planning and carrying out investigations

3A: Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim.

3B: Conduct an investigation and/or evaluate and/or revise the experimental design to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that meet the goals of the investigation.

3D: Collect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions.

Practice 4: Analyzing and interpreting data

4D: Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena.

4F: Consider limitations of data analysis (e.g., measurement error), and/or seek to improve precision and accuracy of data with better technological tools and methods (e.g., multiple trials).

4G: Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings.

4H: Analyze data to define an optimal operational range for a proposed object, tool, process or system that best meets criteria for success.

Practice 5: Using mathematics and computational thinking

5C: Create algorithms (a series of ordered steps) to solve a problem.

5D: Apply mathematical concepts and/or processes  (e.g., ratio, rate, percent, basic operations, simple algebra) to scientific and engineering questions and problems.

Practice 6: Constructing explanations and designing solutions

6A: Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that predict(s) and/or describe(s) phenomena.

6B: Construct an explanation using models or representations.

6D: Apply scientific ideas, principles, and/or evidence to construct, revise and/or use an explanation for real-world phenomena, examples, or events.

6E: Apply scientific reasoning to show why the data or evidence is adequate for the explanation or conclusion.

6G: Undertake a design project, engaging in the design cycle, to construct and/or implement a solution that meets specific design criteria and constraints.

6H: Optimize performance of a design by prioritizing criteria, making tradeoffs, testing, revising, and re-testing.

Practice 8: Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

8E: Communicate scientific and/or technical information (e.g. about a proposed object, tool, process, system) in writing and/or through oral presentations.

PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter

•   Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.

•   Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it.

•   Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other.

•   In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations.

•   Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals).

PS1.B: Chemical Reactions

•   Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants.

•   The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy.

1. Patterns:

1A: Macroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure.

1D: Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data.

2. Cause and Effect:

2B: Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems.

3. Scale, Proportion, and Quantity

3A: Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small.

3C: Proportional relationships (e.g., speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes.

3E: Phenomena that can be observed at one scale may not be observable at another scale.

4. Systems and Systems models

4B: Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions—such as inputs, processes and outputs—and energy, matter, and information flows within systems.

4C: Models are limited in that they only represent certain aspects of the system under study.

5. Energy and Matter:

5A: Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes.

6. Structure and Function

6A: Complex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the shapes, composition, and relationships among its parts; therefore, complex natural and designed structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function.

7. Stability and Change:

7A: Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and forces at different scales, including the atomic scale.